Tips to Solve Statement-Assumption Problems of Reasoning Section - Lesson 2

Friends, this is the Lesson 2 of Statement Assumption problems of Reasoning. So before reading this, please read the lesson 1 here. In lesson 1 we have discussed 4 important techniques to solve statement-assumptions problems. Here goes the 5th technique

5.  Course of Action : Sometimes you are given a fact / report / data / observation. Following this is a suggested course of action. As you know, a suggestion is nothing but an advice. Further, when a person gives an advice, he (at least) thinks that 

• there exists a situation that an advice is necessary and that,
• this advice will bring in some improvement. 'thus, for example, if I mention an observation that "my brother is weak in English" and then observe that "He need to concentrate more on English"; I must be assuming that
• My brother being weak in English is not a good thing (that's the reason why I'm not feeling good and giving him an advice) and
•  More concentration will improve the situation. Lets have a look at another example.
• Example : 
• statement : In our public sector units, the working atmosphere can only be described as indisciplined and uncoordinated. Therefore, some harsh disciplinary actions need to be
  
  taken.
• valid assumptions :
1. The working atmosphere of our public sector units is not ideal / needs improvement.
2. Indiscipline and lack of coordination are undesirable in any industry.
3. Taking harsh disciplinary action would improve the working atmosphere of our public sectors.
4. The benefits outweigh the disadvantages (if any) of taking harsh disciplinary actions.
• Similarly, you may contemplate and evaluate the assumptions if any positive aspect of X is mentioned and a course of action Y is suggested. The logic will be exactly on the same lines.

6. Advertisements / Notices / Appeals : In the examinations of today, the statements are usually in the form of an advertisement or an official notice or a notice issued in public interest or an appeal.

I assume that you can appreciate that advertisements are usually given by firms / companies, official notices within an office, appeals by governments or voluntary organizations and public interest notices by government or government bodies. In all these cases the following assumptions will be considered valid,

1. An advertisement / appeal / notice does have some effect.
2. In case of an advertisement, that which is being highlighted is looked for and expected by the people.
3. In case of a public-interest notice, it is the duty of those who issue it, to issue such notices (those no smoking ads etc)
4. In case of a public interest notice, what is being advised must be beneficial for people and its not-practice harmful in some way.
5. In case of an appeal, the reason for issuing it exists (you can determine the reason using your common scence).
6. In case of an official notice, the effect of its implementation will be beneficial for the organization.

• Example :
• Statement : Use our cream, it will make you look like Katrina Kaif.
• Valid Assumptions :
• The advertisement will have some effect on those who read it.
• People will expect that they look good.
• Statement : Smoking is injurious to health and it may cause cancer.
• Valid Assumptions :
• This notice will be read by all smokers
• Smoking is not good for health

And last but not the least.... remember friends, Assumptions are never exclusive of one another. I mean, if they give you the choice "either of them is implicit", in 99.99 cases it is wrong. So better never choose this option.

That's all for now friends. Now lets have a look at some example problems on Statement-Assumption here.

01:00 - By Unknown 0

How to Solve Statement and Assumptions Problems in Reasoning Section ? - Lesson 1

In these type of problems they will give you a statement and two assumptions (numbered I and II) followed by five options. An assumption is something supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the given statement and the assumptions and then have to decide which of the given assumptions is implicit in the given statement. You have to pick the correct answer according to it.

What is a Statement ?

We can simply say that a Statement is nothing but something that is stated. Something you say or write in a formal or official way is called a statement.

What is assumption?

We can simply say that an An assumption is  something which is assumed / supposed / taken for granted from the statement. When you read a statement, you may not get everything you need from the given statement. There is a lot which they leave unsaid. In many of the times you assume things on your own, based on the given statement. Assume that you are watching your favorite hero's movie. The villain of the movie is doing so many nasty things, tortures hero's family... Now hero comes into the scene. Now you say "Aagaya mera Hero, now he will kill everybody in the villain's den!!!". Now, in this statement of yours, you co-relate two facts.

Fact One : Hero is a supernatural being (according to the filmy law)

Fact Two : Villain should be defeated

How do you relate these two ? Obviously by assuming that "being a protagonist of an Indian film, our hero should win ;) (no matter how strong the villain may be) Well, this is called assumption...

Now lets have a look at some key points you should keep in mind while dealing with the statements and assumptions problems :

1. Keywords : While evaluating an assumption you can always take a clue from some words that lend a definite meaning to the statement. Words like "all", "only", "every" etc are definitive in nature whereas words like "some", "a few", "many" etc are not. Therefore you should be able to differentiate between the implications of "All efforts are being taken" and "Some efforts are being taken". Have a look at an example.
• Increasing rape cases are damaging the clean image of India. The Indian Govt. should make every effort to kill the accused.
• Assumptions :
1. Killing accused is the best solution to reduce rape cases.
2. Killing accused is reasonably good solution to reduce rape cases.
3. Killing accused is the only solution to reduce rape cases.
4. Killing accused will definitely reduces the rape cases.
5. Killing accused will probably reduces the rape cases.
• Explanation : In the above example, statements 2 and 5 are valid assumptions while 1, 3 and 4 use definitive words such as "best", "only" and "definitely". The statement in the question mentions a fact that the rape cases are damaging the clean image of the country and it also makes a suggestion that accused should be punished. Undoubtedly, the author of the advice is assuming that killing accused will help reducing the rape cases. But, there is no hint whatsoever that killing is the only solution or the best solution or a definitely effective solution. 
• The above example illustrates how the use of definitive words may lend a different 'tone' to a sentence and how one should be careful about them.
• Note :  10 out of 10 people will choose options 1, 4 and 5 to the above example. Because we strongly believe that its the only correct way to treat those people. But friends,  they are not asking about your personal opinion. You just have to take decisions according to the given statement. This is the reason why, most of us lose marks in this area. So, Don't forget this fact.
2. Existence / Non Existence of the Subject : This category makes a very simple assumption that what is being talked about must be existing. Similarly, if its absence is being talked about, it must not be existing. Lets have a look at an example.
• Example : Love marriages mostly end in divorce.
• Assumptions :
1. Love marriages do take place
2. There are cases of divorce.
3. Adjectives : We know that an adjective is something which denotes a quality of the subject. Naturally then, if an adjective is attached (unconditionally) to any subject, it must be assumed that "the subject does have the quality as denoted by the adjective". Lets have a look at an example,
• Example : His love affair with that girl killed him.
• Valid assumption : He is in love.
4. Cause and Effect : Some statements mention a cause-and-effect relationship. The conjunctions between the clauses are usually "therefore", "as", "hence", "thus" etc. In all such cases it would be a valid assumption to say that "this cause leads to this effect". There may be different versions of the question: some times the cause-effect relationship may be  explicitly stated, sometimes it may be in the form of "because no cause, hence no effect" and sometimes in teh form of "Although cause, yet no effect". Lets have a look at an example,
• Example : 
• Statement : You don't have IBPS Rank. They wont call you for Interview.
• Valid Assumption : They will only call the people who have IBPS Ranks. 

00:59 - By Unknown 0

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Trading / Direct Access Trading

Friends, in our last post we have discussed about the introduction of Online Trading and a few details about the online trading in India. In this post we shall discuss the advantages and some disadvantages of online trading.

The benefits enjoyed by an individual investor due to online trading have been summarized below :

1. Independent decisions due to direct access to the markets : An investor with an internet connection can track stock and commodity prices and take decisions independently without depending on the brokers for market information.
2. Elimination of the middle man : Investing online gives the investor a sense of control over his wealth. Buying and selling of stock no longer requires another individual to carry it out.
3. Prevents manipulation by brokers : Most brokers live on commissions, hence their tactics are in their own favor first, the brokerage house next and finally the client. In case of online trading trade transactions are transparent and clear, hence the brokers and financial investors cannot manipulate.
   
4. Inexpensive and affordable commission charges : Increased volume of transactions due to online trading has brought down the operational cost to minimum.
5. Internet as an information superhighway : Information related to stocks, company fundamentals, technical analysis, expert views, market news, etc., which were once only available to licensed brokers, are now at the fingertips of anyone and everyone. 
6. Diverse range of investment products and choices : Online brokerages are offering more products to the consumer, so as to give the consumer a wider choice.
7. Speed and accuracy of transaction execution : Speed and accuracy are the two most important features of online transactions.
8. Security Issues : Given all of the above, clients were skeptical to go online simply because of security reasons.

The disadvantages of online trading include fulfillment of certain conditions for availing online trading account, greater risk if traders are done extensively on margin, unsafe if it is done broadly on margin, fee of online brokers varies monthly software usage fees, chances of trading loss because of mechanical or platform failures and need of active speedy internet connection (which is not possible in rural areas) etc. Similarly, online investors are fully responsible for their trading decisions. 

00:59 - By Unknown 0

IBPS RRBs CWE II Results Out

Good News friends, as expected the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) has announced the results of IBPS RRB PO and IBPS RRB Clerks CWE II. These Common Online  Examinations were conducted by IBPS for the recruitment of Officers Scales I, II and III and Office Assistants on behalf of Regional Rural Banks (IBPS RRB CWE II) during the months September and October 2013. Now the organization has came out with the results. You can check your result from below link. You should enter your Registration Number / Roll Number and Passwords in-order to check your results.  You will get your marks within 15 days. All the Best :)

check your IBPS RRB CWE II Result from here

Update :

• Friends, if you get a message "you have secured the mimimum qualifying marks..... " that means you have cleared the exam. 
• Otherwise you will get the following message "We regret to convey that you have secured less than the minimum qualifying scores...."

04:33 - By Unknown 0

Characteristics Features of a Cheque

Friends, in our last post we have discussed about the introduction of Cheque. In this post we shall discuss some features / characteristics of a Cheque.

1. Instrument in writing : A cheque must be necessarily in writing. Oral orders to the bank to pay some money do not constitute a cheque. 
2. Contains an Unconditional Order : A cheque is an order to a particular bank to pay a particular sum of money. It should not contain any words of request like "please" or "kindly". It is also not necessary that the words 'order' must form a part of the writing because the word 'pay' itself denotes an order. The order must be unconditional. Any conditional order does not constitute a cheque.
3. Drawn on a Specified Banker : A cheque is always drawn on a particular banker only. Generally the full name and address of the bank is printed on the cheque. The cheque is encashable at the bank on which it is drawn. Even a cheque drawn on a particular branch cannot be encashed at another branch of the same bank unless there is an agreement between the parties.
4. Payee to be certain : To be a valid cheque, it must be payable to a certain specified person or to his agent or the bearer there off. Sir John Paget rightly pointed out in this regard that, "A normal cheque is one in which there is a drawer, a drawee banker and a payee or no "payee but bearer."
   
5. Order to Pay a Certain sum of Money " A cheque is usually drawn for a definite sum of money. Indefiniteness has no place in monetary transactions. That is the modern bankers insist on writing the amount both in fugures and words.
6. Payable on Demand only : A cheque is always payable only on demand. It is not necessary to use the word 'on demand' as in the case of demand bill. As per Sec. 19 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, unless a time factor is specified by the drawer, the cheque is alwayas payable on demand.
7. Signed by the Drawer : To be valid, a cheque should be signed by a customer who draws it. The drawer normally puts his signature at the bottom right hand corner of the cheque. When this signature differs from the specimen signature, the cheque will be dishonored. 

04:33 - By Unknown 0

IBPS Clerks III Online Exam Pre-Exam Training Call Letter / Admit Card Download

Friends, the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) has made the download links of  pre exam training Call Letters for IBPS Clerks III Online Exam available now. The training will be held from 9th to 16th November 2013. All eligible candidates for the pre exam training can download their call letters for the same from the below link. You should enter your Registration Number and Date of Birth / Password in-order to download your Pre-Examination Training Call Letter. All the Best :)

Download your pre exam training call letter for IBPS Clerks III from here

04:31 - By Unknown 0

Cheque - A Brief Introduction and Requisites

Sec.6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act defines a cheque as "A bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand". A cheque is defined as a bill of exchange. But it is different from a bill in many aspects. Chalmer rightly points out that, "All cheques are bills of exchanges but all bills of exchanges are not cheques".

Dr. Hard, in his Law of Banking defines a cheque as "an unconditional order in writing drawn on a banker signed by the drawer, requiring the banker to pay on demand a sum of certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or bearer and which does not order any act to be done in addition to the payment of money".

Simple Definition :In simple words we can say that "A Cheque is an order to a bank to pay a stated sum from the drawer's account, written on a specially printed form"

A cheque is also a bill of exchange with two additional features :

1. It is always drawn on a specified banker.
2. It is always payable on demand.

Here is a specimen of MICR Cheque

 

Requisites of Cheque :

1. Form of the Cheque : A cheque can take the form of an order written on an ordinary piece of paper. But generally the banks will supply printed cheque forms to the customer while opening the account and the customers as a rule must use only the printed cheque forms supplied only as that rule, if the order is made on piece of paper the bank will refuse payment.
2. Issue of Cheque : A cheque is said to be issued when the drawer parts it to another person. The issue of cheque is very important because the drawer is not liable on a cheque until he has issued it. Even if drawer is induced by fraud, it is deemed to be duly issued.
3. Dating of Cheque : A cheque is not invalid simply because it is not dated. But dating of a cheque is essential to find whether it is stale cheque or not. A stale cheque is one which is not presented for payment before three months from the date of issue of cheque. 
4. Payee : Where the cheque is payable to or order, it is essential to mention the name of the payee. If the drawer has not mentioned the payee's name, any holder of the cheque can insert the payee's name. Bank will dishonor a cheque presented without the name of the payee. 
5. Amount of the cheque : Amount of the cheque is to be stated clearly both in words and figures without leaving any space before and after teh amount stated to avoid any alteration of the amount.
6. Signature : The cheque must be properly signed by the drawer and it should tally with the specimen signature signed at the time of the opening account. If the drawer is illiterate, cheques can be drawn by; means of the thumb impression duly witnessed by a person known by the banker.
7. Delivery : Unless the cheque is properly delivered, the drawer does not become liable there on. Hence to make drawer liable, he must have delivered the cheque complete in all respects to the payee, with the intention that the amount is payable to payee or to his order. 

That's all for now friends. In our next post we shall discuss about the characters of cheques and the differences between cheques and bill of exchanges. Happy Reading :)

04:31 - By Unknown 5